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For the problem of quantitative evaluation of defects in metal plates, a quantitative inversion method of Lamb wave defects based on wave envelope and phase mismatch is proposed. The relationship between the defect geometrical parameters and the Lamb wave instantaneous phase and wave envelope is investigated by finite element simulation. The results show that the Lamb wave instantaneous phase and wave envelope have a good correlation with the variation of the defect size parameters, and the instantaneous phase cumulative error and amplitude cumulative error calculated based on the two characteristic parameters can quantitatively characterize the variation of the defect size parameters. On this basis, a quantitative inversion method for Lamb wave defects based on wave envelope and phase mismatch is proposed in combination with Bayesian theory. Defect inversion experiments in metal plates are carried out to verify the validity and feasibility of the method for the inversion of the size and location of defects in metal plates, in which the errors of various inversions of planar groove-type, stepped groove-type and circular corrosion defects are less than 3%. The research work provides a feasible solution for the quantitative identification and evaluation of defects in metal plates.