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When conducting aerial surveys in mountainous areas, drones often encounter dynamic obstacles such as birds. If the obstacles cannot be avoided in a timely manner, it is highly likely to cause a crash. To this end, a rolling speed obstacle based obstacle avoidance path planning method for unmanned aerial vehicle aerial survey in mountainous areas is studied. Based on the mountain environment model, combined with the flight path length and path smoothness, a comprehensive objective function is established and solved by the improved Cuckoo search to obtain the initial path of UAV mountain aerial survey. After preprocessing the image, identify the obstacles encountered during the initial path of the drone during flight, and measure the distance between the drone and the obstacles using ultrasound to establish a velocity obstacle model, achieve velocity obstacle collision analysis, and determine whether there is flight conflict between the drone and the obstacles through rolling windows. Based on the rolling speed obstacle avoidance method, achieve rolling angle obstacle avoidance and speed obstacle avoidance, obtain the final optimized path, and complete the unmanned aerial vehicle mountain aerial survey obstacle avoidance path planning based on the rolling speed obstacle method. The test results indicate that the length of the obstacle avoidance path for aerial surveys is 571.45m, and the smoothness is 165.52, making the planned plan more reasonable.