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After prolonged use or exposure to external environmental influences, lightning arresters may experience aging, damage, or failure, which affects the accuracy of lightning arrester status diagnosis. To ensure the live diagnosis performance of lightning arrester status, a lightning arrester status diagnosis method based on partial discharge testing technology is proposed. Simulate the generation process of internal air gap, spike, surface and other partial discharge phenomena, determine the operation characteristics of the arrester under different partial discharge conditions, and take this as the diagnosis standard of the arrester status. Optimize the design of partial discharge signal acquisition equipment for lightning arresters, use this equipment to collect real-time status signals of lightning arresters, and extract operational status characteristics of lightning arresters from both statistical and time-frequency domain aspects. Using partial discharge testing technology, calculate the discharge parameters of the lightning arrester, and obtain the diagnostic results of the lightning arrester status through the comparison of feature matching and discharge parameters. The experimental results show that in 200kV and 500kV lightning arresters, the average diagnostic errors of the proposed method for partial discharge quantity are 0.5pc and 1.0pc, respectively, and the diagnostic errors for partial discharge phase amplitude are 0.01V and 0.01V. The average accuracy of state diagnosis is 99.5% and 99.6%.