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Aerial refueling, as an effective means to increase the flight endurance of aircraft, is attracting more and more attention and research. Visual navigation, with its advantages of low cost and passivity, provides a reliable solution for autonomous aerial refueling. Firstly, the basic concept of aerial refueling is introduced, including the two different methods, which are probe-and-drogue refueling (PDR) and boom-and-receptacle refueling (BRR), and the overall process from rendezvous to separation. Then, from the perspectives of the refueling drogue, receptacle, and aircraft body, the visual localization solutions for autonomous aerial refueling are reviewed. The processes of detection, tracking, and pose estimation are emphasized, and the available visual navigation algorithms are summarized. Finally, the current unresolved issues in this field are discussed and future research directions are anticipated.