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For the problems of uneven energy consumption and short network lifetime of wireless sensor networks, a clustering routing protocol based on an improved salp swarm algorithm is proposed. The proposed protocol is optimized from the clustering phase and the stable transmission phase, respectively. In the clustering phase, firstly, the salp swarm algorithm is improved to overcome the problem of unbalanced local exploration and global exploitation capacities of the basic salp swarm algorithm; secondly, an efficient fitness function is designed considering the residual energy and geographical location of nodes to select the optimal cluster head and balance the inter-cluster load. In the stable transmission phase, a minimum spanning tree based inter-cluster routing algorithm is designed to construct the optimal transmission path for the cluster head, which improves the network energy utilization while relieving the load on the cluster head. In the intra-cluster communication phase, a polling control mechanism is introduced to help nodes construct transmission scheduling and improve time slot utilization. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol can effectively balance the network load, improve the network energy utilization and extend the network survival period compared with FIGWO and GAFCMCR algorithms.