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Aiming at the problem of local optimization when particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the three-dimensional path planning problem of UAV in construction project, a particle swarm optimization algorithm with hybrid inertial traction is proposed. Through the position relationship between the starting point and the target point in the initial stage, the adaptive initialization mechanism is introduced to optimize the initial population of particle swarm optimization; The linear decreasing inertia weight method is adopted to strengthen the global search performance in the early stage and the local search performance in the later stage; With the help of the idea of universal gravitation, the acceleration is introduced into the velocity update to enhance the search performance. Compared with the improved algorithm with or without adaptive initialization mechanism, the results show that the mechanism is more conducive to improve the solution quality of the algorithm; Through the simulation experiments of IPSO algorithm, IHPSO algorithm and improved algorithm, the results show that the improved algorithm has better solution quality, and the stability is 69.75% better than IPSO and 17.41% better than IHPSO.