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In the process of shield tunneling, it is easy to be affected by complex geological conditions and variable loads, which leads to the deviation of the direction of advance and is difficult to control. In this study, a kind of control strategy based on particle swarm optimization to optimize PID controller parameters is proposed. Firstly, the mechanism of the hydraulic propulsion system of the shield machine is studied, the relationship model between the hydraulic cylinder thrust, the resistance, the resistance moment and the displacement of the hydraulic cylinder is established, and the model of the hydraulic propulsion system of the shield machine is obtained. Then, combining with the PSO and PID control theory, the deviation correction controller of the hydraulic propulsion system is designed. The simulation results show that the designed PSO-PID controller can meet the needs of the rectification control, has smaller overshoot performance, and can realize the quick response of the rectification control.