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Based on the principle of spectral analysis, a portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer detection system was built by using a new type of silicon drift detector and high performance low power X-ray tube. In order to effectively enhance the excitation of the X-ray tube and work efficiency of the detector, re-integration of the hardware platform to optimize the geometric layout of the optical system. The working principle of the spectrometer and the structure of the upper and lower machine and the acquisition of the spectral data are introduced simply. The form of the spectral data and the pretreatment process of the upper machine and the qualitative and quantitative methods of the cadmium rice are introduced emphatically. The results show that the peaks finding absolute error of the designed detection system is less than 3%, the quantitative relative error can be controlled within 10% and the average time of the sample measurement is 900s. The upper machine analysis software is based on the .NET Framework platform with C # language combined with MATLAB language for mixed programming. The detection limit is 0.0515 ppm, and the limit of quantitation is 0.1716 ppm. The precision and stability of the system meet the requirements, with small error, simple operation, fast, convenient, safe and other characteristics, which provides another new method for the in-situ detection of cadmium rice.